Feb 26, · Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: APA. Mandal, Ananya. (, February 26). Coronary Artery Disease Pathophysiology Cardiology (from Greek καρδίᾱ kardiā, "heart" and -λογία-logia, "study") is a branch of medicine that deals with the disorders of the heart as well as some parts of the circulatory blogger.com field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology Comparison of Outcomes for Off-Pump Versus On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Low-Volume and High-Volume Centers and by Low-Volume and High-Volume Surgeons Benedetto et al. American Journal of Cardiology, Vol, No.5, p
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Although psychological factors play an important role in coronary heart diseases CHDit seems there is a need for more researches in this respect. The present study aimed to review psychological factors, including depression, anxiety and stress related to etiology and prognosis of CHD. This was a review on medical and psychological literatures, particularly in the years As protective factor or risk factor, psychological factors play an important role in CHD.
Given the findings of this study, it seems necessary that we pay attention to psychological factors, as independent risk factors or protective factors for CHD. Coronary heart disease CHD is one of the most important health issues of the twenty first century, and the most important cause of mortality in our community. The Research Committee of the Iranian Society coronary heart disease essay Cardiac Surgeons has announced that the age of exposure to cardiovascular disease in Iran is approximately 7 to 10 years less than other countries.
In developed countries, people are exposed to this disease in the sixth decade of their lives. However, people in Iran are exposed to this disease during the fifth decade of their life. There are about 50 thousand heart surgeries performed annually in Iran.
In China, with a population of one billion and million, the same amount of heart surgeries are performed. Although most of the studies on CHD are mainly focused on the biological risk factors and life style, some evidences have revealed that psychological and psychiatric factors have a very important role in the etiology, development, duration, and outcome of this disease. The purpose of this paper is to review psychological risk factors of CHD such as depression, anxiety and stress.
Then via a computerized literature search in ProQuest, Elsevier, and PubMed covering the period from toall studies focusing on psychological factors in the etiology and prognosis of CHD were reviewed. In recent years, researchers and clinicians have been attempting to reduce CHD occurrence by primary and secondary prevention strategies such as behavioral changes and risk factor modification.
The biological risk factors for CHD have been studied in many researches, coronary heart disease essay, but this paper focused exclusively on psychological risk factors for CHD etiology, coronary heart disease essay, prognosis and mortality. Depression is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary heart disease, especially following acute coronary syndrome. Depression has been found to be a risk factor in the etiology of CHD.
The greatest challenge in research on prospective association between depression and CHD is the possibility that both depression and subsequent CHD are caused by subclinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease.
Therefore, atherosclerosis may facilitate depressive symptoms even before clinical CHD symptoms. Balog et al. studied depression symptoms associated with job stress and stress in marital relationships in women with and without coronary artery disease. Therefore, it appears that depression has a mediating role for marital stress that ultimately results in CHD.
Although evidence suggests that anxiety has an adverse impact on prognosis in CHD patients independent of depression, the role of anxiety coronary heart disease essay an etiological risk factor is less clear, coronary heart disease essay. In a systematic review, 12 studies evaluated clinical endpoints, such as myocardial infarction MI and cardiac death, 5 studies reported significant association, 3 studies reported marginally significant coronary heart disease essay, and 4 studies reported no association between indexes of anxiety and cardiac patients.
Roest et al. However, the association between anxiety and CHD was somewhat less than the corresponding association between depression and CHD, but this connection was stronger than the relationship between anger and CHD occurrence. A survey conducted about physical and psychological symptoms of anxiety in CHD patients revealed that anxiety is correlated with physical factors such as palpitation without any physical coronary heart disease essay, anger and redness in the face, abnormal heart beat, and muscle tension that increases the risk of CHD especially in women.
A research showed that somatic symptoms of anxiety were associated with an increased risk of CHD in women.
This finding lends support to the physiological pathway for the relation between psychological factors, anxiety in particular, and CHD, coronary heart disease essay. A longitudinal research conducted by Janszky et al. over a period of 37 years on young Swedish men aged years evaluated the effects of anxiety and early depression on risk factors of coronary artery disease.
This research revealed that both anxiety coronary heart disease essay depression are associated with low physical activity and high rate of cigarette smoking. Depression was also associated with high levels of alcohol consumption and anxiety had a connection coronary heart disease essay high blood pressure.
Finally, this study indicated that anxiety independently predicted subsequent CHD events such as morbidity and mortality. In contrast, it found no support for such an effect concerning early onset of depression in men. In another study, it was indicated that high and low levels of trait anxiety do not have a different effect on cardiovascular reaction.
Expressing and inhibiting styles of anger did not have a different effect on cardiovascular reactions, but anger expression and management styles and trait anxiety levels had an opposite effect on cardiovascular reactions.
This means that the outward behavioral expression of anger with high level of anxiety is associated with low cardiovascular reaction heart beatand the outward expression of anger with low level of anxiety is associated with high cardiovascular reaction. In contrast, inner expression of anger with high level of anxiety is associated with high cardiovascular reaction, and inner expression of anger with low level of anxiety is associated with low cardiovascular reaction.
To fully understand the relationship between cardiovascular disease and stress is simply not possible, but empirical evidence indicates a relationship between the heart and mind. A number of experts have suggested that those variables that are commonly regarded as components of stress include: depression and anxiety, social isolation and lack of social support, acute and chronic life events, psychosocial work characteristics, and type A behavior and hostility.
The association between depression and anxiety with CHD has been previously discussed in this essay. In many studies lack of social support was indicated as a predictor of onset and prognosis of CHD, and mortality among both sexes; however, it was more consistent in males. The association between social isolation and lack of social support with CHD exists for subjects who live in different countries coronary heart disease essay are of various age groups. These patients were also less excited and benefited more from the health services provided by the professionals.
Moreover, people who suffered from this disease for the first time were seeking social support and coping style more in comparison to those that had previous history of hospitalization due to ischemic heart disease. They realized that loneliness is one of the important risk factors for patients with heart failure, and the more the patients feel lonely the more severe the heart failure is.
Some studies have shown that acute and chronic psychological stressors are associated with acute coronary syndromes ACSs. This topic refers to the characteristics of the work environment. Few associations supported the hypotheses that high job demands, low decision latitude, or job strain are associated with increased levels of CHD risk factors.
The expert working group found no consistency between this review and the other two reviews of work-related stressors. Subjects with low job control on both follow-ups had an odds ratio for any subsequent coronary event compared with subjects with high job control at both follow-ups.
This study reported that the association between psychosocial factors at work and CHD was largely independent on family history of CHD, education, paternal education and social class, coronary heart disease essay, number of siblings, and height. Future research will need to clarify this subject with the role of moderator variables.
Early research data indicated that type A behavior pattern, which is primarily characterized by hostility, intense ambition, competitive drive, constant preoccupation with deadlines, and a sense of time urgency, was related to the development of CHD. However, these original findings were not supported by subsequent research. Studies on American and European populations have demonstrated that high levels of anger and hostility are predictive of coronary heart disease CHD mortality.
This study was conducted through searching in related books and articles. The related articles were retrieved from authorized database such as ProQuest, Elsevier and PubMed using keywords such as psychological factorspsychological risk factorsdepression, anxiety, stresssocial isolation and lack of social support, acute and chronic life events, psychological work characteristics, Type A behavior and hostility coronary heart diseases from to Accordingly, articles that were most related to the subject were selected and the relationship of psychological factors to coronary heart disease were studied.
This study showed that psychological factors as protective or risk factors have an important role in CHD; the most important of which are depression, anxiety, coronary heart disease essay, occupational status, coronary heart disease essay, and 94 - 97 social support. Conducted studies have illustrated that after controlling demographic variables, low social support and anxiety were also independent risk factors for mortality.
One of the major protective factors for CHD is social support. Some studies have shown that perceived social support during hospitalization decreases depressive symptoms in subsequent months.
Among these variables, social support is more important than other variables. Not only is the lack of social support associated with the occurrence of CHD, but it is also an independent risk factor for mortality. Research has highlighted the importance of stresses caused by acute and chronic life events in CHD incidence, coronary heart disease essay. Acute life event stressors can trigger CHD events, but it is very difficult to study and quantify the magnitude of these effects, coronary heart disease essay.
Although the deleterious physiological effects of acute stressors as CHD triggers are well documented, coronary heart disease essay, the role of chronic stressors in CHD onset and prognosis remains unclear. Some studies confirm the role of hostility in the coronary heart disease essay of coronary artery disease, while other researches refute this assumption. Coronary artery diseases are caused due to insufficient blood and oxygen flow to the heart muscle and will be the main cause of death until the year In this regard, it seems coronary heart disease essay to concentrate on the changeable factors that are mostly the psychosocial factors coronary heart disease essay life style.
Different reasons such as increasing prevalence in developing countries, like Coronary heart disease essay, the high expenses of surgical and other treatment programs, side effects, and coronary heart disease essay resultant inability make CHD one of the most important medical and health issues. However, psychosocial factors are not recognized clinically. Cardiologists frequently state that the psychosocial factors identified in the literature are not apparent in clinical practice.
There are probably three reasons for this. First, psychosocial factors are risks rather than inevitable causes; they vary widely in importance for different patients, and will not be apparent in every case. Second, psychological characteristics such as hostility may only be elicited under appropriate provocation. Therefore, they are unlikely to be expressed during a typical clinical consultation.
Finally, there is a tendency to search for psychosocial explanations only for patients who do not have other clear risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, or smoking, coronary heart disease essay.
Many clinicians work based on implicit models that place biological and psychosocial causes as alternatives. However, psychosocial factors may be associated with other risk factors. showed that social isolation, lack of control at work, and hostility are more prominent in low social class groups where smoking, insulin resistance, and other factors are clustered.
Therefore, 10, women and men, coronary heart disease essay, all of whom were employed in the London coronary heart disease essay of the British Civil Service, would provide advice to patients, and refer more extreme cases to psychiatric or psychological services. Most studies discussed depression and anxiety as an important disorder that results in increase of cardiovascular incidents, coronary heart disease essay, re-admittance to hospital, and death in coronary artery patients.
The health system in Iran is experiencing different problems such as unfair and inadequate access to health services for the society, high cost of health care, emphasis on health care and neglect of preventive care, intervention on the individual level and neglect of community intervention, lack of balance between the interests of patients, society and the health system, and especially little attention to mental health.
Furthermore, the age of exposure to cardiovascular disease, mainly heart failure, is decreasing in Iran and is reaching the teenage years. This is mostly due to psychological and life style reasons, therefore, a new psychological perspective to CHD is crucial.
It is obvious that today one of the main aims of psychology is the prevention of psychosomatic disease, that results in decreasing expenses and improving health and quality of life.
Thus, by knowing the psychological risk factors and protective factors of coronary artery disease, prevention, control and adjustment can be performed. These performances result in a decrease in risk factors, decrease in treatment expenses, improvement in life quality, and eventually decrease in illnesses and inabilities. This study dealt with this topic using a modern psychological perspective and with the aim to evaluate the role of psychological factors in the etiology and prognosis of coronary heart diseases.
The findings of this study showed that although psychological factors are independent risk factors for CHD, the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of this illness had a favorable process. Prevention is better than cure; therefore, considering the increase in CHD risk factors during recent years, it is necessary that more attention be paid to psychological factors and preventive actions.
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Risk factors for coronary artery disease - Circulatory System and Disease - NCLEX-RN - Khan Academy
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Hurstville Heart Centre is one of South Sydney's leading referral centres for advanced cardiac care. At Hurstville Private Heart Centre we have a range of cardiologists with special interests in general cardiology, non-invasive testing, echocardiography, coronary intervention, electrophysiology and Nov 15, · Fatal heart attack or stroke could be first sign of CVD in some smokers. November 17, Heart News. Long-term, low-dose aspirin did not affect risk of dementia in adults with type 2 diabetes. November 15, Heart News. Oral PCSK9 inhibitor found to be safe, effective to lower cholesterol, in first human trial The lipid hypothesis (also known as the cholesterol hypothesis) is a medical theory postulating a link between blood cholesterol levels and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease.A summary from described it as: "measures used to lower the plasma lipids in patients with hyperlipidemia will lead to reductions in new events of coronary heart disease"
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