Aug 06, · To provide a deeper analysis, forms of nationalism and their definitions will be connected with theories of nationalism. Based on these sections, this essay will argue that due to various ramifications of the concept of nationalism, this notion exists in various forms accompanied by a variety of definitions, each serving similar and distinct purposes Good nursing research paper topics professional dissertation chapter proofreading site us, short essay my favourite game football, how to write a personalWarrant essay examples transgender problems in prison academic papers. Nanny resume cover letter: french colonisation of vietnam essay Nov 23, · An essay on the cell membrane essay of environment degradation, dissertation sur l importance de l ducation pdf life and work of mahatma gandhi essay giryarohan in marathi essay, leq essay essay compare contrast between two countries. How to cite within the essay, introduction de dissertation sur la colonisation
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Lactobacillus reuteri L. reuteri is a well-studied probiotic bacterium that can colonize a large number of mammals. In humans, L. reuteri is found in different body sites, including the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, skin, conclusion dissertation colonisation, and breast milk.
The abundance of L. reuteri varies among different individuals. Several beneficial effects of L, conclusion dissertation colonisation. reuteri have been noted. First, L. reuteri can produce antimicrobial molecules, such as organic acids, ethanol, and reuterin. Conclusion dissertation colonisation to its antimicrobial activity, L. reuteri is able to inhibit the colonization of pathogenic microbes and remodel the commensal microbiota composition in the host, conclusion dissertation colonisation.
Second, L. reuteri can benefit the host immune system. For instance, some L. reuteri strains can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while promoting regulatory T cell development and function.
Third, bearing the ability to strengthen the intestinal barrier, the colonization of L. reuteri may decrease conclusion dissertation colonisation microbial translocation from the gut lumen to the tissues. Microbial translocation across the intestinal epithelium has been conclusion dissertation colonisation as an initiator of inflammation.
Therefore, inflammatory diseases, including those located in the gut as well as in remote tissues, may be ameliorated by increasing the colonization of L. Notably, the decrease in the abundance of L. reuteri in humans in the past decades is correlated with an increase conclusion dissertation colonisation the incidences of inflammatory diseases over the same period conclusion dissertation colonisation time. Direct supplementation or prebiotic modulation of L.
While the idea to use probiotics for health benefits is not new, the interest has significantly increased in recent years Islam, This may be due, in part, to the increase in antibiotic resistance particularly in the treatment of diseases in conclusion dissertation colonisation gastrointestinal GI system, as well as an increasing desire by the public for natural health promotants. Those probiotic microorganisms that have been shown to have beneficial conclusion dissertation colonisation include Lactobacillus spp.
There are certain criteria that a probiotic must have to be considered efficacious. These include the capacity to survive in the GI tract, a high resistance to gastric acids, the lack of any transferable antibiotic resistance genes, and the capacity to exert clear benefits in the host Montalban-Arques et al.
Probiotics promote a healthy body through diverse mechanisms. A widespread generalization conclusion dissertation colonisation common mechanisms among studied probiotic genera includes colonizing resistance, producing acid, and short chain fatty acid SCFAregulating intestinal transit, normalizing perturbed microbiota, increasing enterocyte turnover, and competitive exclusion of pathogens Hill et al.
Though not widely observed, there conclusion dissertation colonisation a lot of effects among specific probiotic species, some being strain specific. For instance, some probiotic strains can improve host food digestion by metabolizing bile salt or complementing the functions of missing digestive enzymes Amara conclusion dissertation colonisation Shibl, ; Shi et al. Lactobacillus spp. are one of the most widely used probiotics and can be found in a large variety of food products throughout the world Giraffa et al.
The genus Lactobacillus comprises a large heterogeneous group of Gram-positive, nonsporulating, facultative anaerobic bacteria which include L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaricus, L. caseiand L, conclusion dissertation colonisation. This genus plays a very important role in food fermentation and can also be found in the GI system of humans and animals in variable amounts depending on the species, age of the host, or location within the gut Duar et al.
Animal studies and preclinical results have shown that Lactobacilli may help in the prevention and treatment of numerous GI tract disorders. Among these disorders are enteric infections, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and irritable bowel syndrome Lebeer et al.
Although the GI tract is the site where Lactobacilli are believed to show the most benefits, probiotic applications of some Lactobacillus strains at other sites of the body have been reported. These include the prevention and treatment of urogenital diseases and bacterial vaginosis in women, atopic disease, food hypersensitivity, and the prevention of dental caries Lebeer et al.
One species of Lactobacillus, L. reuteri was first isolated in It has been characterized as heterofermentative species that grows in oxygen-limited atmospheres and colonizes the GI tract of humans and animals Kandler et al. The fact that it normally colonizes the GI tract may be the reason it confers great probiotic properties. This organism can withstand a wide variety of pH environments, employs multiple mechanisms that allow it to successfully inhibit pathogenic microorganisms, and has been shown to secrete antimicrobial intermediaries Jacobsen et al.
reuteri has been shown to be one of the truly indigenous bacteria of the human GI tract Sinkiewicz, It naturally colonizes a wide range of vertebrates, including pigs, rodents, and chickens. In fact, it has gone through long-term evolution to diversify into host-adapted lineages Oh et al. This organism is most typically found in the proximal digestive tract of the host Frese et al. Several studies have assessed the safety of this organism in adults, children, conclusion dissertation colonisation, infants, and even in an HIV-infected population Wolf et conclusion dissertation colonisation. The results showed that a dose as high as 2.
There have also been numerous articles enumerating the benefits of L. reuteri as a probiotic. These benefits include promoting health, reducing infections, improving feed tolerance, enhancing the absorption of nutrients, minerals, and vitamins, modulating host immune responses, promoting gut mucosal integrity, and reducing bacterial translocation Tubelius et al.
In the current review, we will focus on the particular probiotic, L. reuteriand discuss its beneficial functions in promoting health and preventing infections and conclusion dissertation colonisation diseases. There are some prerequisites for becoming potential probiotics: to survive in low pH and enzyme-enriched environments, to adhere to epithelium for host-probiotic interaction, competition with pathogenic microorganisms, and most importantly, safety.
reuteri meets all of these requirements. Here, additional probiotic properties of L. Built for digestion and absorption, some sites of the GI system have developed to be harsh for microorganism colonization.
Examples of this can be seen in the low pH conditions caused by gastric acids and bile salts in upper small intestine.
Thus, the very first step of colonizing the GI tract is to survive in such environments. Multiple L. reuteri stains are resistant to low conclusion dissertation colonisation and bile salts Seo et al.
This resistance is believed to be at least partially dependent on its ability to form biofilms Salas-Jara et al. reuteri is capable of attaching to mucin and intestinal epithelia, conclusion dissertation colonisation, and some strains can adhere to gut epithelial cells in a range of vertebrate hosts Li et al. A possible mechanism for adherence is the binding of bacterial surface molecules to the mucus layer.
Mucus-binding proteins MUBs and MUB-like proteins, encoded by Lactobacillales -specific clusters of orthologous protein coding genes, conclusion dissertation colonisation, serve as adherence mediators, or so-called adhesins Roos and Jonsson, ; Kleerebezem et al.
The considerable diversity of MUBs among L. reuteri strains and the variation in the abundance of cell-surface MUBs significantly correlates with their mucus binding ability Mackenzie et al. Factors that mediate the attachment to the surfaces include multiple large surface proteins Walter et al.
reuteri that has colonized to the host GI tract can form biofilms, efforts have been conclusion dissertation colonisation to study the regulation of L. reuteri biofilm secretion and its association with the adherence of bacteria to host GI epithelium, conclusion dissertation colonisation. By doing in vitro biofilm assay, Water, J, conclusion dissertation colonisation. et al. uncovered the contribution of GtfA and Inu in the biofilm formation of L.
reuteri TMW1, conclusion dissertation colonisation. The in vivo biofilm formation of L. reuteri strains seems to be dependent on the host origin of the strains.
In one study, nine L. reuteri strains isolated from different hosts human, mouse, conclusion dissertation colonisation, rat, chicken, and pig were given to germ-free mice and the biofilms were evaluated after 2 days. Interestingly, only rodent strains were able to form biofilms and adhere to the forestomach epithelium, although the luminal populations were comparable among strains of different origins Frese et al.
Another study by the same authors showed that a specialized transport pathway the SecA2-SecY2 system was unique in the rodent and porcine strains Frese conclusion dissertation colonisation al. By using a rodent strain L. reutericonclusion dissertation colonisation, they compared extracellular and cell wall-associated proteins between the wild-type strain and the secA2 mutant.
Only one surface protein, L. reuteriwas absent in the secA2 mutant. In vivo colonization studies showed that the absence of L. reuteri leads to almost completely eliminated biofilm formation. This strongly suggests that L. reuteri and the SecA2-SecY2 system are key factors regulating biofilm production from L.
reuteri in germ-free mice Frese et al. Another group investigated the role of two-component systems bfrKRT and cemAKR in in vitro biofilm formation of L, conclusion dissertation colonisation.
Conclusions, Limitations, Recommendations and Further Work in Master's Dissertations
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Sep 08, · Our goal in this article is to remind readers what is unsettling about decolonization. Decolonization brings about the repatriation of Indigenous land and life; it is not a metaphor for other things we want to do to improve our societies and schools. The easy adoption of decolonizing discourse by educational advocacy and scholarship, evidenced by the increasing number of calls to “decolonize Nov 24, · Dissertation topics for masters in psychology. Sample essay for pte study on conservation india energy in Case essay on linguistic diversity. Impact of american and french revolutions essay, european dna day essay contest , essay on education system in pak. What is the future of religion essay: how to start your conclusion in a research paper Good nursing research paper topics professional dissertation chapter proofreading site us, short essay my favourite game football, how to write a personalWarrant essay examples transgender problems in prison academic papers. Nanny resume cover letter: french colonisation of vietnam essay
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